Fractions are fundamental concepts in elementary math, and learning how to work with them is essential for future mathematical success. In this guide, we’ll walk through the basics of adding and subtracting like fractions, making it easy for elementary students to understand and apply these skills.
What Are Fractions?
A fraction represents a part of a whole. For example, if you divide a pizza into 8 slices and eat 3 slices, you have consumed 3/8 of the pizza. Understanding this concept helps students visualize fractions in everyday life, making the learning process more relatable.
Parts of a Fraction: Breaking it Down
To fully grasp fractions, students need to understand the two essential parts:
- Numerator: The top number represents how many parts you have.
- Denominator: The bottom number shows the total number of equal parts.
For instance, in the fraction 3/8, the numerator (3) indicates how many slices were eaten, and the denominator (8) represents the total slices of pizza.
Types of Fractions: Key Concepts
- Unit Fractions: Fractions with a numerator of 1, such as 1/4 or 1/8.
- Proper Fractions: The numerator is smaller than the denominator, e.g., 3/4 or 2/3.
- Improper Fractions: The numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator, such as 9/6 or 4/4.
- Mixed Numbers: A whole number combined with a fraction, such as 1 1/4, which is read as “one and one-fourth.”
Take a look at the fraction below.

5/4 of the fraction bars shaded.
Also, 1 whole and ¼ of the fraction bars are shaded.
Therefore, we can write 1 whole and 1/4 simply as 1 1/4, and we read it as 1 and 1/4.
This also means that we can convert any improper fraction into a mixed number.
Visualizing Fractions: Using Models to Understand
Visual models are powerful tools for helping students understand fractions. Here are two popular methods:
- Fraction Bars: Divide a bar into equal sections and shade the relevant parts. For example, to show 3/8, shade 3 out of 8 parts.

- Circle Diagrams: Divide a circle into equal slices and shade the number of slices to represent the fraction.

These visual aids can make fractions less abstract and easier for students to grasp.
What Are Equivalent Fractions?

Equivalent fractions are fractions that represent the same value, even if they look different. For example, 1/2, 2/4, and 4/8 all represent the same portion of a whole.
By using fraction bars or circles, students can easily compare fractions and understand that different fractions can equal the same amount.
Adding and Subtracting Like Fractions
Like fractions have the same denominator, which makes adding or subtracting them straightforward. Here’s a simple rule:
- Adding Like Fractions: Add the numerators and keep the denominator unchanged. For example, 1/4 + 2/4 = 3/4.
- Subtracting Like Fractions: Subtract the numerators while keeping the denominator unchanged. For instance, 3/8 – 1/8 = 2/8, which simplifies to 1/4.
Example of Adding Like Fractions
Suppose you have 1/4 of a chocolate bar and receive 2/4 more. The total chocolate you have is:
1/4 + 2/4 = 3/4 of the chocolate bar.
Let’s take a look at the addition of two like fractions below.

Example of Subtracting Like Fractions
Now, let’s take a look at how we can subtract like fractions.
Suppose Bran had a chocolate bar and ate 3 squares of the bar.

Bran ate 4 more chocolate squares later. What fraction of the chocolate bar did Bran eat?
Correct! It’s 4/12.
How much of the chocolate bar does he have left? Let’s write the subtraction sentence to find the answer.

Bran has 5/12 of the chocolate bar left.
Again, when you subtract two like fractions, you simply subtract the numerator and keep the denominator unchanged.
Adding and Subtracting Mixed Numbers
Adding and subtracting mixed numbers follows similar rules to like fractions, but with an extra step:
- Add or subtract the whole numbers first.
- Then, add or subtract the fractions.
- Simplify the result if needed.


Example of Adding Mixed Numbers
If you have 1 3/4 cups of flour and add 2 1/4 cups, follow these steps:
- Add the whole numbers: 1 + 2 = 3.
- Add the fractions: 3/4 + 1/4 = 4/4 = 1.
- Combine: 3 + 1 = 4 cups of flour.
Practice Makes Perfect: Tips for Mastering Fractions
Mastering fractions takes practice, but it doesn’t have to be boring. Here are some ways to make learning fun and engaging:
- Solve practice problems regularly: Consistency is key to mastering any math concept.
- Use online resources and apps: Interactive tools and games can make learning fractions more enjoyable.
- Seek help when needed: Don’t hesitate to ask teachers or tutors for assistance if a concept isn’t clear.
The Importance of Mastering Fractions for Elementary Students
Mastering fractions is essential because it sets the foundation for higher-level math concepts such as decimals, percentages, and algebra. Understanding fractions also improves problem-solving skills and promotes logical thinking, which is valuable across various subjects.
By regularly practicing these fundamental skills, students can confidently build their knowledge and progress in their math education.
Need Help with Elementary Math?
At PALS Learning Center Edison, we offer tailored tutoring programs to help students grasp complex concepts like fractions. If your child needs extra support on K6-Math, reach out to us today!